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From Guests of the Imam to Unwanted Foreigners: the Politics of South Asian Pilgrimage to Iran in the Twentieth Century

In January 2020, Iran’s religious representative in India, Hojjat ol-Eslam Mahdi Mahdavipour, called for efforts to attract more Indian pilgrims to the shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad, Iran, noting that out of 250 million Indian Muslims, only around 150,000 came as pilgrims yearly.....

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The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shii Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980

On 8 April 1980, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed. His execution arousedno criticism from the West against the Iraqi regime, however, because Sadr had openly supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's regime in Iran and because the West was distracted by the turbulence in Iran that followed the revolution....

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A Twelfth-Century Controversy on Mānkdīm’s Taʿlīq Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-khamsa: Zaydis Debating Accidents, Attributes, and Optics

In this article, we present a so far unstudied epistolary exchange between two sixth/twelfth-century Zaydis from Yemen on Mānkdīm’s famous Taʿlīq Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-khamsa. In the text, which survives in a unique manuscript, al-Ḥasan al-ʿUdharī raises objections against passages from the proof for the createdness of the world and from the...

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Imam ʿAlī’s Methods of Interaction with his Ideological and Political Adversaries in Nahj al-Balagha

An interaction is a reciprocal relation between two individuals or two groups. In his political practice, Imam Ali (a) engaged in constructive interactions with his opponents based on shared principles. In different circumstances, he always sought to find rational and accurate solutions through direct.....

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Doctrine of Imamate in Twelver Shi’ism: Traditional, Theological, Philosophical and Mystical Perspectives

The doctrine of imamate---that is, the rule of a particular individual over the community---is a central and pivotal concept in Islam generally, and in Shi`ism specifically. Scholars who have studied this concept have tended to emphasize one aspect of the doctrine of imamate to...

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The Role of Embracing the Authority of Ahl al-Bayt (a) in the Formation of Righteous Actions in al-Mīzān

It is crucial for individuals to learn about the factors contributing to their salvation. Quranic verses refer to “righteous actions” among such factors. Many hadiths in the exegesis of these verses state that true instances of righteous believers are the followers or Shīʿas of Imam ʿAlī, the first Shiite Imam....

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